8/4/2023 0 Comments Cap stable pvp prodeus 2017![]() However, being chemical in nature, they leave no meaning to green synthesis. Myriad chemical capping agents are utilized in the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles. ![]() Capping agents are widely employed to functionalize and stabilize the synthesized nanoparticles. As the biocompatibility and stability of nanoparticles in the biological fluids are the crucial factors, the surface of nanoparticles can be modified with different functional groups for their potent use in the biomedicine field ( Ocsoy et al., 2018). In this era of the 21st century, nanoparticles have been extensively used in the biomedical sector, including bioimaging, biomarkers, drug delivery, cell labeling, gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, photoablation therapy, tissue engineering, bone regeneration, wound healing and dressing, antipermeability agents (in diabetic retinopathy), intracellular analysis, catalysis (artificial enzymes), medical devices (catheter modifications, prostheses, and vascular grafts), treatment of inflammation, cancer, pathogenic infections, and dental caries (biofilm inhibition) ( Figure 1) ( Burdusel et al., 2018 Magro et al., 2018 McNamara and Tofail, 2017 Khan et al., 2019 Kravanja et al., 2019 Shivaramakrishnan et al., 2017 Singh et al., 2020). Over the last decades, the chemical and physical methods have been widely used for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles, but due to the usage of toxic solvents, harmful chemical capping agents, high energy input, low output yield, larger size, and their catastrophic effect on the environment, recently, the green synthesis involving biological capping agents has fetched more attention in the nanoscience field ( Javed et al., 2020 Kumar et al., 2020 Priya et al., 2021). Nanoparticles are generally defined as small-sized particles with core-shell structure falling in the nanoscale range of 1–100 nm with broad properties like catalytic, optical, magnetic, mechanical, superior reactivity, electric, and thermal conductivity ( Agarwal et al., 2017 Salem and Fouda, 2021 Ting and Chin, 2020). The goal of the present review article is to provide a comprehensive report to researchers who are looking for alternative biological capping agents for the green synthesis of important metallic nanoparticles. Finally, challenges and future directions on the use of biological capping agents have been concluded. Next, the therapeutic applications of capped nanoparticles and the effect of biomolecules on the efficiency of the nanoparticles have been expounded. First, this innovative review highlights the various biogenic capping agents, including biomolecules and biological extracts of plants and microorganisms. The present review article is an attempt to compile distinctive biological capping agents deployed in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles along with the medical applications of these capped nanoparticles. Explicit features of nanoparticles are majorly ascribed to the capping present on their surface. These capping agents act as stabilizers or binding molecules that prevent agglomeration and steric hindrance, alter the biological activity and surface chemistry, and stabilize the interaction of nanoparticles within the preparation medium. Recent trends in nanoparticle fabrication and surface manipulation, the use of distinctive biogenic capping agents, have allowed the preparation of nontoxic, surface-functionalized, and monodispersed nanoparticles for medical applications. The biomedical properties of nanoparticles have been the area of focus for contemporary science however, there are issues concerning their long-term toxicities. Department of Biotechnology, Khalsa College, Amritsar, India.Sidhu †, Naveen Verma † and Priya Kaushal †*
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